Nanobot Swarm for Targeted Elimination of Tumour in Brain
Main Article Content
Article Sidebar
Published
Nov 5, 2021
Shravasti Sarkar
Suchithra V
Sridharan M
Manjunatha C
Abstract
Nanobots are nanometer-sized robots. Being so small, they often have very low computational power – a problem that can be solved by employing a swarm of nanobots. A nanobot swarm is composed of a large group of similar nano agents that can communicate in a decentralized as well as distributed manner, within any given environment to achieve a common goal. Swarm intelligence allows simple devices to arrive faster at optimal solutions. Swarm intelligence, first observed in nature (like in starlings, fish, baboons, ants, bees, etc), has a wide range of applications in many fields like industrial, military, soft-computing, etc. One of the fields where extensive research is being conducted to integrate swarm intelligence with current technology is the medical field. Starting from diagnosis of ailments to targeted delivery of drugs, using an invitro nano-swarm has a huge potential to revolutionize the medical field. This review discusses the use of nanobots that use swarming technology in the medical field for targeted drug delivery to eliminate cancerous cells in the brain. Brain cancer is one of the most challenging forms of cancer to treat, due to the delicateness of the brain as an organ, the blood-brain barrier and the structure of these tumours. For these reasons, conventional treatments like surgical removal of the cancer cells, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, etc are often futile with an average life expectancy rate of 12-18 months for the more aggressive forms of brain cancer. Currently, targeted drug delivery is still not within the reach of the common man, but it has the potential to change the playing field. Once the drug-carrying bot swarm is injected into the body, they will continue to move randomly until they come across a tumour cell. The nanobot will then release the drug in the vicinity of the cell. This ensures that larger doses are administered to bring about effective elimination of the tumour cells when compared to chemotherapy, where the drug is diluted in the blood and also affects the working of normal cells. Once the drug has been released, the nanobot will then direct all the other drug-carrying nanobots to the cancerous areas by some signalling method. Acoustic waves have proved to be harmless to humans, have low latency and the devices associated with sound wave generation tend to be less complex. Considering these, acoustic communications are more favourable as compared to its other contemporary communication methods like electromagnetic and molecular communication for signalling and exchange of information between the nanobots. This review considers several factors to keep in mind when deploying any agent in the brain and different components like sensors, actuator, power supply, etc. that have to be incorporated while building a nanobot. It also discusses some swarming techniques that can be implemented for decentralized control and acoustic communication between individuals in the nanobot swarm. Finally, there is a discussion about the different challenges faced while deploying a nanobot swarm in the brain. This review hopes to give direction to other researchers through a comprehensive compilation of different practices and advancements in the field.
How to Cite
Sarkar, S., V, S., M, S., & C, M. (2021). Nanobot Swarm for Targeted Elimination of Tumour in Brain. SPAST Abstracts, 1(01). Retrieved from https://spast.org/techrep/article/view/2959
Article Details
References
[1] Zottel, Alja, Alja Videtič Paska, and Ivana Jovčevska. "Nanotechnology meets oncology: nanomaterials in brain cancer research, diagnosis and therapy." Materials 12.10 (2019): 1588. https://www.mdpi.com/462588
[2] A.M. Cryer, A.J. Thorley, Nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer, Pharmacol. Ther. 198 (2019) 189–205. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725819300300
[3] K.O. Maher, Nanomedicine and nanotechnology for heart failure research, diagnosis, and treatment, in: Hear. Fail. Child Young Adult, Elsevier, 2018: pp. 779–784. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128023938000600
[4] M.T. Nistor, A.G. Rusu, Nanorobots with Applications in Medicine, in: Polym. Nanomater. Nanotherapeutics, Elsevier, 2019: pp. 123–149. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128139325000030
[5] M. Rabiei, S. Kashanian, S.S. Samavati, S. Jamasb, S.J.P. McInnes, Nanomaterial and advanced technologies in transdermal drug delivery, J. Drug Target. 28 (2020) 356–367. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1061186X.2019.1693579
[6] S. Dolev, R.P. Narayanan, M. Rosenblit, Design of nanorobots for exposing cancer cells, Nanotechnology. 30 (2019) 315501. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6528/ab1770/meta
[7] G. Cerofolini, P. Amato, M. Masserini, G. Mauri, A surveillance system for early-stage diagnosis of endogenous diseases by swarms of nanobots, Adv. Sci. Lett. 3 (2010) 345–352. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/asp/asl/2010/00000003/00000004/art00001
[8] V. Loscri, A.M. Vegni, An acoustic communication technique of nanorobot swarms for nanomedicine applications, IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience. 14 (2015) 598–607. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7088603/
[9] S. Li, Q. Jiang, B. Ding, G. Nie, Anticancer activities of tumor-killing nanorobots, Trends Biotechnol. 37 (2019) 573–577. I.F. Akyildiz, F. Brunetti, C. Blázquez, Nanonetworks: A new communication paradigm, Comput. Networks. 52 (2008) 2260–2279. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167779919300228
[10] Bors, Luca Anna, and Franciska Erdő. "Overcoming the blood–brain barrier. challenges and tricks for CNS drug delivery." Scientia Pharmaceutica 87.1 (2019): 6. https://www.mdpi.com/419694
[11] I.F. Akyildiz, F. Brunetti, C. Blázquez, Nanonetworks: A new communication paradigm, Comput. Networks. 52 (2008) 2260–2279. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389128608001151
[12] Nakano, Tadashi, et al. "Methods and applications of mobile molecular communication." Proceedings of the IEEE 107.7 (2019): 1442-1456. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8735961/
[13] T. Nakano, T. Suda, Y. Okaie, M.J. Moore, A. V Vasilakos, Molecular communication among biological nanomachines: A layered architecture and research issues, IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience. 13 (2014) 169–197. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6803950/
[14] I.F. Akyildiz, M. Pierobon, S. Balasubramaniam, Y. Koucheryavy, The internet of bio-nano things, IEEE Commun. Mag. 53 (2015) 32–40. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7060516/
[15] B. Atakan, O.B. Akan, S. Balasubramaniam, Body area nanonetworks with molecular communications in nanomedicine, IEEE Commun. Mag. 50 (2012) 28–34. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6122529/
[16] L. Felicetti, M. Femminella, G. Reali, P. Gresele, M. Malvestiti, J.N. Daigle, Modeling CD40-based molecular communications in blood vessels, IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience. 13 (2014) 230–243. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6868305/
[17] A. Einolghozati, M. Sardari, F. Fekri, Design and analysis of wireless communication systems using diffusion-based molecular communication among bacteria, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 12 (2013) 6096–6105. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6648629/
[18] G.E. Santagati, T. Melodia, L. Galluccio, S. Palazzo, Medium access control and rate adaptation for ultrasonic intrabody sensor networks, IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 23 (2014) 1121–1134. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6807825/
[19] Dolev, Shlomi, Ram Prasadh Narayanan, and Michael Rosenblit. "Design of nanorobots for exposing cancer cells." Nanotechnology 30.31 (2019) https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6528/ab1770/meta
[20] A. Mandal, R. Bisht, D. Pal, A.K. Mitra, Diagnosis and Drug Delivery to the Brain: Novel Strategies, in: Emerg. Nanotechnologies Diagnostics, Drug Deliv. Med. Devices, Elsevier, 2017: pp. 59–83. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323429788000048
[21] H. Gao, Progress and perspectives on targeting nanoparticles for brain drug delivery, Acta Pharm. Sin. B. 6 (2016) 268–286. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211383516301186
[22] G. Tosi, J.T. Duskey, J. Kreuter, Nanoparticles as carriers for drug delivery of macromolecules across the blood-brain barrier, Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 17 (2020) 23–32 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17425247.2020.1698544
[23] J.R. Kanwar, X. Sun, V. Punj, B. Sriramoju, R.R. Mohan, S.-F. Zhou, A. Chauhan, R.K. Kanwar, Nanoparticles in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological disorders: untamed dragon with fire power to heal, Nanomedicine Nanotechnology, Biol. Med. 8 (2012) 399–414. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1549963411003431
[24] S. Saxena, B.J. Pramod, B.C. Dayananda, K. Nagaraju, Design, architecture and application of nanorobotics in oncology, Indian J. Cancer. 52 (2015) https://indianjcancer.com/article.asp?issn=0019-509X;year=2015;volume=52;issue=2;spage=236;epage=241;aulast=Saxena
[25] M.R. McDevitt, D. Ma, L.T. Lai, J. Simon, P. Borchardt, R.K. Frank, K. Wu, V. Pellegrini, M.J. Curcio, M. Miederer, Tumor therapy with targeted atomic nanogenerators, Science (80-. ). 294 (2001) 1537–1540. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/294/5546/1537.abstract
[26] B. Bahrami, M. Hojjat-Farsangi, H. Mohammadi, E. Anvari, G. Ghalamfarsa, M. Yousefi, F. Jadidi-Niaragh, Nanoparticles and targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy, Immunol. Lett. 190 (2017) 64–83. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165247817301761
[27] Z.L. Wang, Nanogenerators and nanopiezotronics, in: 2007 IEEE Int. Electron Devices Meet., IEEE, 2007: pp. 371–374. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/4418949/
[28] P. Mohseni, K. Najafi, S.J. Eliades, X. Wang, Wireless multichannel biopotential recording using an integrated FM telemetry circuit, IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 13 (2005) 263–271 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1506813/
[29] A. Munawar, Y. Ong, R. Schirhagl, M.A. Tahir, W.S. Khan, S.Z. Bajwa, Nanosensors for diagnosis with optical, electric and mechanical transducers, RSC Adv. 9 (2019) 6793–6803. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2019/ra/c8ra10144b
[30] . H. Wang, X. Wang, C. Xie, M. Zhang, H. Ruan, S. Wang, K. Jiang, F. Wang, C. Zhan, W. Lu, Nanodisk-based glioma-targeted drug delivery enabled by a stable glycopeptide, J. Control. Release. 284 (2018) 26–38. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168365918303316
[31] Y. V Kucheryavykh, J. Davila, J. Ortiz-Rivera, M. Inyushin, L. Almodovar, M. Mayol, M. Morales-Cruz, A. Cruz-Montañez, V. Barcelo-Bovea, K. Griebenow, Targeted delivery of nanoparticulate Cytochrome C into glioma cells through the proton-coupled folate transporter, Biomolecules. 9 (2019) 154. https://www.mdpi.com/448036
[32] A. Senanayake, R.G. Sirisinghe, P.S. Mun, Nanorobot: Modelling and Simulation, in: Int. Conf. Control. Instrum. Mechatronics Eng. (CIM’07), Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia, 2007 https://www.academia.edu/download/49477318/nano.pdf
[33] A. Cano, M. Espina, M.L. García, Recent Advances on Antitumor Agents-loaded Polymeric and Lipid-based Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Brain Cancer, Curr. Pharm. Des. 26 (2020) 1316–1330. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cpd/2020/00000026/00000012/art00008
[34] C.H. Kim, S.G. Lee, M.J. Kang, S. Lee, Y.W. Choi, Surface modification of lipid-based nanocarriers for cancer cell-specific drug targeting, J. Pharm. Investig. 47 (2017) 203–227. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40005-017-0329-5.pdf
[35] J.E.N. Dolatabadi, Y. Omidi, Solid lipid-based nanocarriers as efficient targeted drug and gene delivery systems, TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 77 (2016) 100–108. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016599361530220X
[36] J. Li, C. Fan, H. Pei, J. Shi, Q. Huang, Smart drug delivery nanocarriers with self‐assembled DNA nanostructures, Adv. Mater. 25 (2013) 4386–4396. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.201300875
[37] D.Y. Tam, J.W.-T. Ho, M.S. Chan, C.-H. Lau, T.J.H. Chang, H.M. Leung, L.S. Liu, F. Wang, C. Tin, P.K. Lo, Penetrating the Blood-Brain Barrier by Self-Assembled 3D DNA Nanocages as Drug Delivery Vehicles for Brain Cancer Therapy, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. (2020). https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsami.0c02957
[38] B.R. Madhanagopal, S. Zhang, E. Demirel, H. Wady, A.R. Chandrasekaran, DNA nanocarriers: programmed to deliver, Trends Biochem. Sci. 43 (2018) 997–1013. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968000418301956
[39] P. Kelly, P. Anand, A. Uvaydov, S. Chakravartula, C. Sherpa, E. Pires, A. O’Neil, T. Douglas, M. Holford, Developing a dissociative nanocontainer for peptide drug delivery, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 12 (2015) 12543–12555. https://www.mdpi.com/113704
[40] E. Torelli, M. Marini, S. Palmano, L. Piantanida, C. Polano, A. Scarpellini, M. Lazzarino, G. Firrao, A DNA origami nanorobot controlled by nucleic acid hybridization, Small. 10 (2014) 2918–2926. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/smll.201400245
[41] Roscher, Mareike, Gábor Bakos, and Martina Benešová. "Atomic nanogenerators in targeted alpha therapies: Curie’s legacy in modern cancer management." Pharmaceuticals 13.4 (2020): https://www.mdpi.com/698278
[42] K. Yu, J.N. Kizhakkedathu, Synthesis of Glycocalyx-Mimetic Surfaces and Their Specific and Nonspecific Interactions with Proteins and Blood, in: Proteins Interfaces III State Art, ACS Publications, 2012: pp. 577–603. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-2012-1120.ch026
[43] Guo, Jianfeng, et al. "Targeted drug delivery via folate receptors for the treatment of brain cancer: can the promise deliver?." Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 106.12 (2017): 3413-3420. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022354917305737
[44] A.T. Azar, A. Madian, H. Ibrahim, M.A. Taha, N.A. Mohamed, Z. Fathy, B.M. AboAlNaga, Medical nanorobots: Design, applications and future challenges, in: Control Syst. Des. Bio-Robotics Bio-Mechatronics with Adv. Appl., Elsevier, 2020: pp. 329–394. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128174630000113
[45] A. Ghanbari, Bioinspired reorientation strategies for application in micro/nanorobotic control, J. Micro-Bio Robot. (2020) 1–25. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12213-020-00130-7
[46] B. He, T.J. Morrow, C.D. Keating, Nanowire sensors for multiplexed detection of biomolecules, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 12 (2008) 522–528. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367593108001245
[47] M.A. Bangar, D.J. Shirale, W. Chen, N. V Myung, A. Mulchandani, Single conducting polymer nanowire chemiresistive label-free immunosensor for cancer biomarker, Anal. Chem. 81 (2009) 2168–2175. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac802319f
[48] C. Sauer, M. Stanacevic, G. Cauwenberghs, N. Thakor, Power harvesting and telemetry in CMOS for implanted devices, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap. 52 (2005) 2605–2613. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1556768/
[49] Z.L. Wang, Energy harvesting for self-powered nanosystems, Nano Res. 1 (2008) 1–8. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12274-008-8003-x
[50] C.K.M. Fung, W.J. Li, Ultra-low-power polymer thin film encapsulated carbon nanotube thermal sensors, in: 4th IEEE Conf. Nanotechnology, 2004., IEEE, 2004: pp. 158–160. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1392282/
[51] H. Im, X.-J. Huang, B. Gu, Y.-K. Choi, A dielectric-modulated field-effect transistor for biosensing, Nat. Nanotechnol. 2 (2007) 430–434. https://www.nature.com/articles/nnano.2007.180
[52] Donohoe, M., Balasubramaniam, S., Jennings, B., & Jornet, J. M. (2016). Powering In-Body Nanosensors With Ultrasounds. IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, 15(2), 151–154.
[53] S.-B. Wang, C. Zhang, Z.-X. Chen, J.-J. Ye, S.-Y. Peng, L. Rong, C.-J. Liu, X.-Z. Zhang, A Versatile Carbon Monoxide Nanogenerator for Enhanced Tumor Therapy and Anti-Inflammation, ACS Nano. 13 (2019) 5523–5532.
[54] Hogg, Tad, and Robert A. Freitas Jr. "Acoustic communication for medical nanorobots." Nano Communication Networks 3.2 (2012): 83-102
[55] T. Hogg, R.A. Freitas, Chemical power for microscopic robots in capillaries, Nanomedicine Nanotechnology, Biol. Med. 6 (2010) 298–317.
[56] A. Prasanna, R. Pooja, V. Suchithra, A. Ravikumar, P.K. Gupta, V. Niranjan, Smart drug delivery systems for cancer treatment using nanomaterials, Mater. Today Proc. 5 (2018) 21047–21054.
[57] T.K. Horiuchi, R. Etienne-Cummings, A time-series novelty detection chip for sonar, Int. J. Robot. Autom. 19 (2004) 171–177.
[58] Demirors, E., Alba, G., Santagati, G. E., & Melodia, T. (2016). High data rate ultrasonic communications for wireless intra-body networks. 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Local and Metropolitan Area Networks (LANMAN).
[59] M.A. Lewis, G.A. Bekey, The Behavioral Self-organization Of Nanorobots Using Local Rules, in: IROS, 1992: pp. 1333–1338
[60] D.F. Hougen, S. Chandrasekaran, D.F. Hougen, S. Chandrasekaran, Swarm intelligence for cooperation of bio-nano robots using quorum sensing, in: 2006 Bio Micro Nanosyst. Conf., 2006: p. 104. pH
[61] S. YAhmed, S. E Amin, T. Alarif, Efficient Cooperative Control System for pH Sensitive Nanorobots in Drug Delivery, Int. J. Comput. Appl. 103 (2014) 39–43.
[62] D. Ezzat, S.E. Amin, H.A. Shedeed, M.F. Tolba, Directed Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Delivering Nano-robots to Cancer Cells, in: 2018 13th Int. Conf. Comput. Eng. Syst., 2018: pp. 80–84.
[63] T. Hogg, Energy dissipation by metamorphic micro-robots in viscous fluids, J. Micro-Bio Robot. 11 (2016) 85–95.
[64] Q. Zhao, M. Li, J. Luo, L. Dou, Y. Li, A nanorobot control algorithm using acoustic signals to identify cancer cells in Non-Newtonian blood fluid, in: 2015 IEEE Int. Conf. Mechatronics Autom., IEEE, 2015: pp. 912–917.
[67] Q.-Y. Zhao, M. Li, J. Luo, Y. Li, L. Dou, A nanorobot swarming algorithm based on bacteria foraging optimization to eradicate cancer cells, in: 2014 IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Biomimetics (ROBIO 2014), IEEE, 2014: pp. 2599–2604
[68] G. Fullstone, J. Wood, M. Holcombe, G. Battaglia, Modelling the Transport of Nanoparticles under Blood Flow using an Agent-based Approach, Sci. Rep. 5 (2015)
[69] F. Novotný, H. Wang, M. Pumera, Nanorobots: Machines Squeezed between Molecular Motors and Micromotors, Chem. 6 (2020) 867–884.
[70] H.-J. Kim, D.-E. Kim, Nano-scale friction: A review, Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. 10 (2009) 141–151.
[71] N.N. Sharma, R.K. Mittal, Nanorobot Movement: Challenges and Biologically inspired solutions, (n.d.).
[72] Nantapat, T., Kaewkamnerdpong, B., Achalakul, T., & Sirinaovakul, B. (2011). Best-So-Far ABC Based Nanorobot Swarm. 2011 Third International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics. doi:10.1109/ihmsc.2011.61 .
[2] A.M. Cryer, A.J. Thorley, Nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer, Pharmacol. Ther. 198 (2019) 189–205. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725819300300
[3] K.O. Maher, Nanomedicine and nanotechnology for heart failure research, diagnosis, and treatment, in: Hear. Fail. Child Young Adult, Elsevier, 2018: pp. 779–784. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128023938000600
[4] M.T. Nistor, A.G. Rusu, Nanorobots with Applications in Medicine, in: Polym. Nanomater. Nanotherapeutics, Elsevier, 2019: pp. 123–149. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128139325000030
[5] M. Rabiei, S. Kashanian, S.S. Samavati, S. Jamasb, S.J.P. McInnes, Nanomaterial and advanced technologies in transdermal drug delivery, J. Drug Target. 28 (2020) 356–367. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1061186X.2019.1693579
[6] S. Dolev, R.P. Narayanan, M. Rosenblit, Design of nanorobots for exposing cancer cells, Nanotechnology. 30 (2019) 315501. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6528/ab1770/meta
[7] G. Cerofolini, P. Amato, M. Masserini, G. Mauri, A surveillance system for early-stage diagnosis of endogenous diseases by swarms of nanobots, Adv. Sci. Lett. 3 (2010) 345–352. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/asp/asl/2010/00000003/00000004/art00001
[8] V. Loscri, A.M. Vegni, An acoustic communication technique of nanorobot swarms for nanomedicine applications, IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience. 14 (2015) 598–607. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7088603/
[9] S. Li, Q. Jiang, B. Ding, G. Nie, Anticancer activities of tumor-killing nanorobots, Trends Biotechnol. 37 (2019) 573–577. I.F. Akyildiz, F. Brunetti, C. Blázquez, Nanonetworks: A new communication paradigm, Comput. Networks. 52 (2008) 2260–2279. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167779919300228
[10] Bors, Luca Anna, and Franciska Erdő. "Overcoming the blood–brain barrier. challenges and tricks for CNS drug delivery." Scientia Pharmaceutica 87.1 (2019): 6. https://www.mdpi.com/419694
[11] I.F. Akyildiz, F. Brunetti, C. Blázquez, Nanonetworks: A new communication paradigm, Comput. Networks. 52 (2008) 2260–2279. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389128608001151
[12] Nakano, Tadashi, et al. "Methods and applications of mobile molecular communication." Proceedings of the IEEE 107.7 (2019): 1442-1456. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8735961/
[13] T. Nakano, T. Suda, Y. Okaie, M.J. Moore, A. V Vasilakos, Molecular communication among biological nanomachines: A layered architecture and research issues, IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience. 13 (2014) 169–197. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6803950/
[14] I.F. Akyildiz, M. Pierobon, S. Balasubramaniam, Y. Koucheryavy, The internet of bio-nano things, IEEE Commun. Mag. 53 (2015) 32–40. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7060516/
[15] B. Atakan, O.B. Akan, S. Balasubramaniam, Body area nanonetworks with molecular communications in nanomedicine, IEEE Commun. Mag. 50 (2012) 28–34. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6122529/
[16] L. Felicetti, M. Femminella, G. Reali, P. Gresele, M. Malvestiti, J.N. Daigle, Modeling CD40-based molecular communications in blood vessels, IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience. 13 (2014) 230–243. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6868305/
[17] A. Einolghozati, M. Sardari, F. Fekri, Design and analysis of wireless communication systems using diffusion-based molecular communication among bacteria, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 12 (2013) 6096–6105. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6648629/
[18] G.E. Santagati, T. Melodia, L. Galluccio, S. Palazzo, Medium access control and rate adaptation for ultrasonic intrabody sensor networks, IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 23 (2014) 1121–1134. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6807825/
[19] Dolev, Shlomi, Ram Prasadh Narayanan, and Michael Rosenblit. "Design of nanorobots for exposing cancer cells." Nanotechnology 30.31 (2019) https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6528/ab1770/meta
[20] A. Mandal, R. Bisht, D. Pal, A.K. Mitra, Diagnosis and Drug Delivery to the Brain: Novel Strategies, in: Emerg. Nanotechnologies Diagnostics, Drug Deliv. Med. Devices, Elsevier, 2017: pp. 59–83. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323429788000048
[21] H. Gao, Progress and perspectives on targeting nanoparticles for brain drug delivery, Acta Pharm. Sin. B. 6 (2016) 268–286. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211383516301186
[22] G. Tosi, J.T. Duskey, J. Kreuter, Nanoparticles as carriers for drug delivery of macromolecules across the blood-brain barrier, Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 17 (2020) 23–32 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17425247.2020.1698544
[23] J.R. Kanwar, X. Sun, V. Punj, B. Sriramoju, R.R. Mohan, S.-F. Zhou, A. Chauhan, R.K. Kanwar, Nanoparticles in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological disorders: untamed dragon with fire power to heal, Nanomedicine Nanotechnology, Biol. Med. 8 (2012) 399–414. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1549963411003431
[24] S. Saxena, B.J. Pramod, B.C. Dayananda, K. Nagaraju, Design, architecture and application of nanorobotics in oncology, Indian J. Cancer. 52 (2015) https://indianjcancer.com/article.asp?issn=0019-509X;year=2015;volume=52;issue=2;spage=236;epage=241;aulast=Saxena
[25] M.R. McDevitt, D. Ma, L.T. Lai, J. Simon, P. Borchardt, R.K. Frank, K. Wu, V. Pellegrini, M.J. Curcio, M. Miederer, Tumor therapy with targeted atomic nanogenerators, Science (80-. ). 294 (2001) 1537–1540. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/294/5546/1537.abstract
[26] B. Bahrami, M. Hojjat-Farsangi, H. Mohammadi, E. Anvari, G. Ghalamfarsa, M. Yousefi, F. Jadidi-Niaragh, Nanoparticles and targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy, Immunol. Lett. 190 (2017) 64–83. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165247817301761
[27] Z.L. Wang, Nanogenerators and nanopiezotronics, in: 2007 IEEE Int. Electron Devices Meet., IEEE, 2007: pp. 371–374. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/4418949/
[28] P. Mohseni, K. Najafi, S.J. Eliades, X. Wang, Wireless multichannel biopotential recording using an integrated FM telemetry circuit, IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 13 (2005) 263–271 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1506813/
[29] A. Munawar, Y. Ong, R. Schirhagl, M.A. Tahir, W.S. Khan, S.Z. Bajwa, Nanosensors for diagnosis with optical, electric and mechanical transducers, RSC Adv. 9 (2019) 6793–6803. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2019/ra/c8ra10144b
[30] . H. Wang, X. Wang, C. Xie, M. Zhang, H. Ruan, S. Wang, K. Jiang, F. Wang, C. Zhan, W. Lu, Nanodisk-based glioma-targeted drug delivery enabled by a stable glycopeptide, J. Control. Release. 284 (2018) 26–38. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168365918303316
[31] Y. V Kucheryavykh, J. Davila, J. Ortiz-Rivera, M. Inyushin, L. Almodovar, M. Mayol, M. Morales-Cruz, A. Cruz-Montañez, V. Barcelo-Bovea, K. Griebenow, Targeted delivery of nanoparticulate Cytochrome C into glioma cells through the proton-coupled folate transporter, Biomolecules. 9 (2019) 154. https://www.mdpi.com/448036
[32] A. Senanayake, R.G. Sirisinghe, P.S. Mun, Nanorobot: Modelling and Simulation, in: Int. Conf. Control. Instrum. Mechatronics Eng. (CIM’07), Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia, 2007 https://www.academia.edu/download/49477318/nano.pdf
[33] A. Cano, M. Espina, M.L. García, Recent Advances on Antitumor Agents-loaded Polymeric and Lipid-based Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Brain Cancer, Curr. Pharm. Des. 26 (2020) 1316–1330. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cpd/2020/00000026/00000012/art00008
[34] C.H. Kim, S.G. Lee, M.J. Kang, S. Lee, Y.W. Choi, Surface modification of lipid-based nanocarriers for cancer cell-specific drug targeting, J. Pharm. Investig. 47 (2017) 203–227. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40005-017-0329-5.pdf
[35] J.E.N. Dolatabadi, Y. Omidi, Solid lipid-based nanocarriers as efficient targeted drug and gene delivery systems, TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 77 (2016) 100–108. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016599361530220X
[36] J. Li, C. Fan, H. Pei, J. Shi, Q. Huang, Smart drug delivery nanocarriers with self‐assembled DNA nanostructures, Adv. Mater. 25 (2013) 4386–4396. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.201300875
[37] D.Y. Tam, J.W.-T. Ho, M.S. Chan, C.-H. Lau, T.J.H. Chang, H.M. Leung, L.S. Liu, F. Wang, C. Tin, P.K. Lo, Penetrating the Blood-Brain Barrier by Self-Assembled 3D DNA Nanocages as Drug Delivery Vehicles for Brain Cancer Therapy, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. (2020). https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsami.0c02957
[38] B.R. Madhanagopal, S. Zhang, E. Demirel, H. Wady, A.R. Chandrasekaran, DNA nanocarriers: programmed to deliver, Trends Biochem. Sci. 43 (2018) 997–1013. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968000418301956
[39] P. Kelly, P. Anand, A. Uvaydov, S. Chakravartula, C. Sherpa, E. Pires, A. O’Neil, T. Douglas, M. Holford, Developing a dissociative nanocontainer for peptide drug delivery, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 12 (2015) 12543–12555. https://www.mdpi.com/113704
[40] E. Torelli, M. Marini, S. Palmano, L. Piantanida, C. Polano, A. Scarpellini, M. Lazzarino, G. Firrao, A DNA origami nanorobot controlled by nucleic acid hybridization, Small. 10 (2014) 2918–2926. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/smll.201400245
[41] Roscher, Mareike, Gábor Bakos, and Martina Benešová. "Atomic nanogenerators in targeted alpha therapies: Curie’s legacy in modern cancer management." Pharmaceuticals 13.4 (2020): https://www.mdpi.com/698278
[42] K. Yu, J.N. Kizhakkedathu, Synthesis of Glycocalyx-Mimetic Surfaces and Their Specific and Nonspecific Interactions with Proteins and Blood, in: Proteins Interfaces III State Art, ACS Publications, 2012: pp. 577–603. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-2012-1120.ch026
[43] Guo, Jianfeng, et al. "Targeted drug delivery via folate receptors for the treatment of brain cancer: can the promise deliver?." Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 106.12 (2017): 3413-3420. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022354917305737
[44] A.T. Azar, A. Madian, H. Ibrahim, M.A. Taha, N.A. Mohamed, Z. Fathy, B.M. AboAlNaga, Medical nanorobots: Design, applications and future challenges, in: Control Syst. Des. Bio-Robotics Bio-Mechatronics with Adv. Appl., Elsevier, 2020: pp. 329–394. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128174630000113
[45] A. Ghanbari, Bioinspired reorientation strategies for application in micro/nanorobotic control, J. Micro-Bio Robot. (2020) 1–25. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12213-020-00130-7
[46] B. He, T.J. Morrow, C.D. Keating, Nanowire sensors for multiplexed detection of biomolecules, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 12 (2008) 522–528. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367593108001245
[47] M.A. Bangar, D.J. Shirale, W. Chen, N. V Myung, A. Mulchandani, Single conducting polymer nanowire chemiresistive label-free immunosensor for cancer biomarker, Anal. Chem. 81 (2009) 2168–2175. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac802319f
[48] C. Sauer, M. Stanacevic, G. Cauwenberghs, N. Thakor, Power harvesting and telemetry in CMOS for implanted devices, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap. 52 (2005) 2605–2613. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1556768/
[49] Z.L. Wang, Energy harvesting for self-powered nanosystems, Nano Res. 1 (2008) 1–8. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12274-008-8003-x
[50] C.K.M. Fung, W.J. Li, Ultra-low-power polymer thin film encapsulated carbon nanotube thermal sensors, in: 4th IEEE Conf. Nanotechnology, 2004., IEEE, 2004: pp. 158–160. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1392282/
[51] H. Im, X.-J. Huang, B. Gu, Y.-K. Choi, A dielectric-modulated field-effect transistor for biosensing, Nat. Nanotechnol. 2 (2007) 430–434. https://www.nature.com/articles/nnano.2007.180
[52] Donohoe, M., Balasubramaniam, S., Jennings, B., & Jornet, J. M. (2016). Powering In-Body Nanosensors With Ultrasounds. IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, 15(2), 151–154.
[53] S.-B. Wang, C. Zhang, Z.-X. Chen, J.-J. Ye, S.-Y. Peng, L. Rong, C.-J. Liu, X.-Z. Zhang, A Versatile Carbon Monoxide Nanogenerator for Enhanced Tumor Therapy and Anti-Inflammation, ACS Nano. 13 (2019) 5523–5532.
[54] Hogg, Tad, and Robert A. Freitas Jr. "Acoustic communication for medical nanorobots." Nano Communication Networks 3.2 (2012): 83-102
[55] T. Hogg, R.A. Freitas, Chemical power for microscopic robots in capillaries, Nanomedicine Nanotechnology, Biol. Med. 6 (2010) 298–317.
[56] A. Prasanna, R. Pooja, V. Suchithra, A. Ravikumar, P.K. Gupta, V. Niranjan, Smart drug delivery systems for cancer treatment using nanomaterials, Mater. Today Proc. 5 (2018) 21047–21054.
[57] T.K. Horiuchi, R. Etienne-Cummings, A time-series novelty detection chip for sonar, Int. J. Robot. Autom. 19 (2004) 171–177.
[58] Demirors, E., Alba, G., Santagati, G. E., & Melodia, T. (2016). High data rate ultrasonic communications for wireless intra-body networks. 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Local and Metropolitan Area Networks (LANMAN).
[59] M.A. Lewis, G.A. Bekey, The Behavioral Self-organization Of Nanorobots Using Local Rules, in: IROS, 1992: pp. 1333–1338
[60] D.F. Hougen, S. Chandrasekaran, D.F. Hougen, S. Chandrasekaran, Swarm intelligence for cooperation of bio-nano robots using quorum sensing, in: 2006 Bio Micro Nanosyst. Conf., 2006: p. 104. pH
[61] S. YAhmed, S. E Amin, T. Alarif, Efficient Cooperative Control System for pH Sensitive Nanorobots in Drug Delivery, Int. J. Comput. Appl. 103 (2014) 39–43.
[62] D. Ezzat, S.E. Amin, H.A. Shedeed, M.F. Tolba, Directed Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Delivering Nano-robots to Cancer Cells, in: 2018 13th Int. Conf. Comput. Eng. Syst., 2018: pp. 80–84.
[63] T. Hogg, Energy dissipation by metamorphic micro-robots in viscous fluids, J. Micro-Bio Robot. 11 (2016) 85–95.
[64] Q. Zhao, M. Li, J. Luo, L. Dou, Y. Li, A nanorobot control algorithm using acoustic signals to identify cancer cells in Non-Newtonian blood fluid, in: 2015 IEEE Int. Conf. Mechatronics Autom., IEEE, 2015: pp. 912–917.
[67] Q.-Y. Zhao, M. Li, J. Luo, Y. Li, L. Dou, A nanorobot swarming algorithm based on bacteria foraging optimization to eradicate cancer cells, in: 2014 IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Biomimetics (ROBIO 2014), IEEE, 2014: pp. 2599–2604
[68] G. Fullstone, J. Wood, M. Holcombe, G. Battaglia, Modelling the Transport of Nanoparticles under Blood Flow using an Agent-based Approach, Sci. Rep. 5 (2015)
[69] F. Novotný, H. Wang, M. Pumera, Nanorobots: Machines Squeezed between Molecular Motors and Micromotors, Chem. 6 (2020) 867–884.
[70] H.-J. Kim, D.-E. Kim, Nano-scale friction: A review, Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. 10 (2009) 141–151.
[71] N.N. Sharma, R.K. Mittal, Nanorobot Movement: Challenges and Biologically inspired solutions, (n.d.).
[72] Nantapat, T., Kaewkamnerdpong, B., Achalakul, T., & Sirinaovakul, B. (2011). Best-So-Far ABC Based Nanorobot Swarm. 2011 Third International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics. doi:10.1109/ihmsc.2011.61 .
Section
GM2- Microsystems & Nanotechnology