Comorbidities of Sleep Deprivation - A ReviewSleep is a basic need and the basis for activity. It is a “homeostatically regulated biological function” and “is a universally experienced state of unawareness” [1]. Sleep is very essential for the body as it
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Abstract
Sleep is a basic need and the basis for activity. It is a “homeostatically regulated biological function” and “is a universally experienced state of unawareness” [1]. Sleep is very essential for the body as it helps in restoring several systems of the body like the neural, skeletal systems, repairing and nourishing mental health, and also helps in conservation of energy. The balance of our body's internal clock-the circadian rhythm is also balanced by this very sleep [1]. Though sleeping hours vary with age [2], a sound sleep of 7 hours is a must for any adult in general [3]. As is evident, the increasing urbanization is concealing the importance of sleep. Sleeping for ~4 hours has become a ‘trend’, among the youngsters. The importance and healing power of sleep has been neglected over the course of time in this competitive world. Not just the time allotted to sleep but also its quality has gradually declined over the past decades, making sleep deprivation (SD) as one of the most prevalent health problems in modern societies. This ultimately results in developing adverse mental health issues, metabolic and physiological diseases such as inflammation, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity and also increased mortality [3,4]. All these ailments are interlinked by one or more pathways [5]; making sleep as one of the significant health markers.
In this review we focus on the link between SD and metabolic disorders –type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). To understand these comorbidities at hormonal level we also list out the effects of SD on the endocrine system. Though there are several experimental/clinical studies carried out in finding out SD effects - either on humans [6,7] or animals [8,9,10] and some review papers on causes and consequences of SD [11], there are very few review papers which summarize all these studies. This is the first review paper which brings all the four diseases under a common umbrella of SD, making our work unique. We also try to look out for the underlying mechanisms, at cell/tissue level, in order to better understand the actual interplay between sleep and the human system.
Most of us who live in the cities aren't surprised to see people complaining of short and poor sleep and also the ailments like eye irritation, comfort eating, muscle soreness, joint pain, headache - to mention some noticeable effects. Without this type of consolidated review paper, it would be hard for them to understand that SD is the actual reason behind “all” these effects, plus some serious internal effects which are almost invisible during this naive stage. So, our main vision is that at the end of this review the reader will be able to appreciate the fine interlink that sleep has in balancing all these comorbidities; while also eventually be reminded of the chain of ailments that would follow them every time they think to cut short their essential sleep.
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