A Comprehensive Review of Microgrid Challenges and Protection Schemes
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Published
Oct 17, 2021
Nirupama Srinivas
Sangeeta Modi
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0260-2959
Sangeeta Modi
Abstract
For the greater part of a century, the world has been mobilizing towards more sustainable methods of energy production. This has led to an increased dependence on renewable energy resources to meet a snowballing demand for reliable and consistent energy to feed a rapidly growing population. This trend can be accredited towards a common vision of sustainable development. Additionally, reserves of conventional sources are rapidly depleting, with a foreboding environmental crisis brought by the profligate consumption of energy resources like coal and oil. Moreover, the problems associated with traditional electric utility grids are several, such as the archaic architecture and the absence of last mile connectivity. The conservative electric grid also inhibits sustainable development due to its rigidity and obstinacy.
Distributed generation through renewable energy resources and microgrids have repeatedly proved as sustainable alternatives to mitigate the portending crises. Microgrids provide a versatile topology with the option of dispersed generation and provision for future expansion. This is further backed by the impressive growth of microgrid markets over the last few years. However, the existence of a non-conventional landscape of microgrids and the inherent intermittency of renewable energy resources can cause unique challenges. The control and protection strategies used for the conventional utility grid have proven unsuitable for microgrids. The microgrid protection challenge has established itself to be a conundrum due to the bidirectional flow of power, blinding of protection, and the dynamics of fault current. This paper attempts to be a comprehensive review of microgrid challenges and existing protection schemes.
The contents of this paper can be realized in four segments. The first segment presents the technical definition of a microgrid and proceeds to present an overview of the microgrid market scenario. The following segment discusses the classification of microgrids, and the control strategies used. The paper then proceeds to elaborate on various challenges associated with microgrids, including voltage and frequency issues, resynchronization issues, power quality and inertia issues, cybersecurity risks and protection challenges. Subsequently, various protection schemes used for microgrids are discussed. More recent schemes such as Wide Area Protection and Artificial Intelligence algorithms are also presented in this paper. The last segment of the paper gives an overview of relay coordination and various optimization algorithms used to achieve the same. The paper concludes with a brief overview of a few IEEE and IEC microgrid standards and codes.
How to Cite
Srinivas, N., & Modi, S. (2021). A Comprehensive Review of Microgrid Challenges and Protection Schemes. SPAST Abstracts, 1(01). Retrieved from https://spast.org/techrep/article/view/2611
Article Details
Keywords
microgrids, distributed generation, renewable energy, protection schemes, relays
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