The Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator (WCD) to reduce sudden arrhythmic death in patient with high risks – Review
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Published
Sep 20, 2021
Ritwija Bhattacharjee
Abstract
An arrhythmia is a complication with the heartbeat rhythm or rate. The heart may beat too fast, too slowly, or at an irregular rate during an arrhythmia. When the heart beats excessively fast, tachycardia is termed. When the heart beats too slowly, bradycardia is termed. Ventricular fibrillation is the most frequent life-threatening arrhythmia, which is the irregular, disordered firing of impulses from the ventricles (lower chambers of the heart). When it occurs, the heart cannot pump blood and the patient may die within minutes if remains untreated. The ICD (Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator) may decrease sudden arrhythmic deaths in higher risk individuals. The arrhythmic risk can be raised temporarily, however, until proarrhythmic symptoms exist, left ventricular ejection stays low or cardiac dysfunction occurs. The WCD (Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator) is a really perfect method to keep away from instant arrhythmic demise till both ICD implantation is without a doubt required or while the arrhythmic chance is deemed appreciably decreased or maybe now no longer occur. The WCD is regularly encouraged for interrupted safety towards an ICD implantation, transient failure to ICD implantation, and the patient's very last rejection of the specified ICD. The WCD isn't an alternative to the ICD however a device that could enhance the choice of ICD remedy individuals. The WCD has the capabilities of an ICD, however it has to now no longer be implanted and has comparable traits to an outside defibrillator however does now no longer want the bystander to offer a life-safety surprise if required.
How to Cite
Bhattacharjee, R. (2021). The Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator (WCD) to reduce sudden arrhythmic death in patient with high risks – Review. SPAST Abstracts, 1(01). Retrieved from https://spast.org/techrep/article/view/1046
Article Details
Keywords
arrhythmia, wearable cardioverter defibrillator (WCD), implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), ventricular fibrillations, proarrhythmic
References
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[20]. Sandner SE, Wieselthaler G, Zuckermann A, Taghavi S, Schmidinger H, Pacher R, Ploner M, et al. Survival benefit of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in patients on the waiting list for cardiac transplantation. Circulation 2001; 104:171–176.
[21]. Da Rosa MR, Sapp JL, Howlett JG, Falkenham A, Legare JF. Implantable cardioverter–defibrillator as a bridge to cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007; 26:1336–1339.
[22]. Kawai C. From myocarditis to cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms of inflammation and cell death: Learning from the past for the future. Circulation 1999; 99:1091–1100.
[23]. De Cobelli F, Pieroni M, Esposito A, Chimenti C, Belloni E, Mellone R, Canu T, et al. Delayed gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with chronic myocarditis presenting with heart failure or recurrent arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47:1649–1654.
[24]. Matsuoka K, Okubo S, Fujii E, Uchida F, Kasai A, Auki T, Makino K, et al. Evaluation of the arrhythmogenecity of stress induced Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy from the time course of the 12-lead surface electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol 2003; 92:230–233.
[25]. Maron BJ, Shen WK, Link MS, Epstein AE, Almquist AK, Daubert JP, Bardy GH et al. Efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for the prevention of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:365–373.
[26]. Chua JD, Wilkoff BL, Lee I, Juratli N, Longworth DL, Gordon SM. Diagnosis and management of infections involving implantable electrophysiologic cardiac devices. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133:604–608.
[27]. Lehrich RW, Pun PH, Tanenbaum ND, Smith SR, Middleton JP. Automated external defibrillators and survival from cardiac arrest in the outpatient hemodialysis clinic. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:312– 320.
[28]. Auricchio A, Klein H, Geller CJ, Reek S, Heilman MS, Szymkiewicz SJ. Clinical efficacy of the wearable cardioverter defibrillator in acutely terminating episodes of ventricular fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1998; 81:1253–1256.
[29]. Reek S, Geller JC, Meltendorf U, Wollbrueck A, Szymkiewicz SJ, Klein HU. Clinical efficacy of a wearable defibrillator in acutely terminating episodes of ventricular fibrillation using biphasic shocks. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2003; 26:2016–2022.
[30]. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Toff WD, Tonkin AM, Smith W, et al. Home use of automated external defibrillators for sudden cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:1793–17804.
[31]. Rho RW, Page RL. The automated external defibrillator. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007; 18:896–899. 32. Chan PS, Krumholz HM, Nichol G, Nallamothu BK; the American Heart Association National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Investigators. Delayed time to defibrillation after in-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:9–17.
[32]. Daubert JP, Zareba W, Cannom DS, McNitt S, Rosero S, Wang P, Schuger C, et al. Inappropriate implantable cardioverterdefibrillator shocks in MADIT II. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:1357– 1365.
[33]. Poole JE, Johnson GW, Hellkamp AS, Anderson J, Callans DJ, Raitt MH, Reddy RK, et al. Prognostic importance of defibrillator shocks in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:1009–1017.
[34]. Wilkoff BL, Williamson BD, Stern RS, Moore SL, Lu F, Lee SW, Birgersdotter-Green UM et al. Strategic programming of detection and therapy parameters in implantable cardioverter-defibrillators reduces shocks in primary prevention patients. Results from the PREPARE study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52:541–550.
[2]. Kuck K, Cappato R, Siebels J, Ruppel R. Randomized comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest: The Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg (CASH). Circulation 2000; 102:748–754.
[3]. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS, Daubert, JP, et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:877–883.
[4]. Goldenberg I, Moss AJ. Long QT Syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:2291–2300.
[5]. Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M, Gregoratos G, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden death: A report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48:e247–e346.
[6]. Feldman A, Klein H, Tchou P, Murali S, Hall WJ, Mancini D, Boehmer J et al. Use of a wearable defibrillator in terminating tachyarrhythmias in patients at high risk for sudden death: Results of WEARIT/BIROAD. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2004; 27:4–9.
[7]. Lapage MJ, Canter CE, Rhee EK. A fatal device-device interaction between a wearable automated defibrillator and a unipolar ventricular pacemaker. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2008; 31:912–915.
[8]. Huikuri HV, Tapanainen JM, Lindgren K, Raatikainen P, Makikallio TH, Airaksinen KEJ, Myerburg RJ. Prediction of sudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction in the beta-blocking era. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42:652–658.
[9]. Solomon SD, Zelenkofske S, McMurray JJ, Finn PV, Velazquez E, Ertl G, Harsanyi A, et al. Sudden death with myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction, heart failure, or both. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:2581–2588.
[10]. Adabag AS, Therneau TM, Gersh BJ, Weston SA, Roger VL. Sudden death after myocardial infarction. JAMA 2008; 300:2022–2029.
[11]. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Klein H, Levine JH, et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:1933– 1940.
[12]. Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, Josephson ME, Prystowsky EN, Hafley G. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1882–1890.
[13]. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, Domanski M et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverterdefibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:225–237.
[14]. Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, Dorian P, Roberts RS, Hampton JR, Hatala R, Fain E, et al. Prophylactic use of an implantable cardioverterdefibrillator after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:2481–2488.
[15]. Evaluating the effectiveness of the LifeVest defibrillator and improving methods for determining the use of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (The VEST/PREDICTS Study). www.clinicaltrials.gov, ID: NCT 00628966.
[16]. Solomon SD, Glynn RJ, Greaves S, Ajani U, Rouleau JL, Menapace F, Arnold JMO, et al. Recovery of ventricular function after myocardial infarction in the reperfusion era: The healing and early afterload reducing therapy study. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134:451–458.
[17]. Vaughan-Sarrazin MS, Hannan EL, Gormley CJ, Rosenthal GE. Mortality in Medicare beneficiaries following coronary artery bypass graft surgery in states with and without certificate of nee regulation. JAMA 2002; 288:1859–1866.
[18]. Toda K, Mackenzie K, Mehra MR, DiCorte CJ, Davis JE, McFadden PM, Ochsner JL, et al. Revascularization in severe ventricular dysfunction (15%≤LVEF≤30%): A comparison of bypass grafting and percutaneous intervention. Ann Thorac Surg 2002; 74:2082–2087.
[19]. Goldenberg I, Moss AJ, Hall WJ, McNitt S, Zareba W, Andrews ML, Cannom DS. Causes and consequences of heart failure after prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II. Circulation 2006; 113:2810–2817.
[20]. Sandner SE, Wieselthaler G, Zuckermann A, Taghavi S, Schmidinger H, Pacher R, Ploner M, et al. Survival benefit of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in patients on the waiting list for cardiac transplantation. Circulation 2001; 104:171–176.
[21]. Da Rosa MR, Sapp JL, Howlett JG, Falkenham A, Legare JF. Implantable cardioverter–defibrillator as a bridge to cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007; 26:1336–1339.
[22]. Kawai C. From myocarditis to cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms of inflammation and cell death: Learning from the past for the future. Circulation 1999; 99:1091–1100.
[23]. De Cobelli F, Pieroni M, Esposito A, Chimenti C, Belloni E, Mellone R, Canu T, et al. Delayed gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with chronic myocarditis presenting with heart failure or recurrent arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47:1649–1654.
[24]. Matsuoka K, Okubo S, Fujii E, Uchida F, Kasai A, Auki T, Makino K, et al. Evaluation of the arrhythmogenecity of stress induced Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy from the time course of the 12-lead surface electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol 2003; 92:230–233.
[25]. Maron BJ, Shen WK, Link MS, Epstein AE, Almquist AK, Daubert JP, Bardy GH et al. Efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for the prevention of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:365–373.
[26]. Chua JD, Wilkoff BL, Lee I, Juratli N, Longworth DL, Gordon SM. Diagnosis and management of infections involving implantable electrophysiologic cardiac devices. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133:604–608.
[27]. Lehrich RW, Pun PH, Tanenbaum ND, Smith SR, Middleton JP. Automated external defibrillators and survival from cardiac arrest in the outpatient hemodialysis clinic. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:312– 320.
[28]. Auricchio A, Klein H, Geller CJ, Reek S, Heilman MS, Szymkiewicz SJ. Clinical efficacy of the wearable cardioverter defibrillator in acutely terminating episodes of ventricular fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1998; 81:1253–1256.
[29]. Reek S, Geller JC, Meltendorf U, Wollbrueck A, Szymkiewicz SJ, Klein HU. Clinical efficacy of a wearable defibrillator in acutely terminating episodes of ventricular fibrillation using biphasic shocks. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2003; 26:2016–2022.
[30]. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Toff WD, Tonkin AM, Smith W, et al. Home use of automated external defibrillators for sudden cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:1793–17804.
[31]. Rho RW, Page RL. The automated external defibrillator. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007; 18:896–899. 32. Chan PS, Krumholz HM, Nichol G, Nallamothu BK; the American Heart Association National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Investigators. Delayed time to defibrillation after in-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:9–17.
[32]. Daubert JP, Zareba W, Cannom DS, McNitt S, Rosero S, Wang P, Schuger C, et al. Inappropriate implantable cardioverterdefibrillator shocks in MADIT II. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:1357– 1365.
[33]. Poole JE, Johnson GW, Hellkamp AS, Anderson J, Callans DJ, Raitt MH, Reddy RK, et al. Prognostic importance of defibrillator shocks in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:1009–1017.
[34]. Wilkoff BL, Williamson BD, Stern RS, Moore SL, Lu F, Lee SW, Birgersdotter-Green UM et al. Strategic programming of detection and therapy parameters in implantable cardioverter-defibrillators reduces shocks in primary prevention patients. Results from the PREPARE study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52:541–550.
Section
NB:Biology